DRONE WARFARE AND INTERNATIONAL LAW

Under the United Nations Charter, states agree to “settle their international disputes in a peaceful manner” and “refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.” This is generally viewed as a blanket prohibition on the use of force by one state inside the borders of another sovereign state. Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter outlines just two exceptions to this prohibition. First, if the Security Council identifies “any threat to the peace, breach of the…

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DIGITAL AUTHORITARIANISM AND ITS EFFECTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY

Digital authoritarianism is “the use of digital information technology by authoritarian regimes to surveil, repress, and manipulate domestic and foreign populations”. Essentially it refers to the use of digital and technological means to increase control and limit the freedom and rights of citizens. For example, digital authoritarianism entails actions such as; limiting internet freedom, internet access and free speech online, collecting personal data for illegitimate purposes, surveillance and tracking of online activities, especially those of regime critics. We can sums up digital authoritarianism in six different techniques: surveillance, censorship, social…

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CLIMATE DISPLACEMENT: GAPS IN THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR SMALL ISLANDS/ARCHIPELAGO

Despite the existence of numerous international instruments addressing forced migration, internal displacement and climate change, international law does not offer ad hoc protection to people affected by climate displacement. The unprecedented nature of the challenges posed by sinking islands is one of the causes of this legal vacuum. Nonetheless, international law will have to react and the ways in which this could happen vary substantially. One possible solution could consist in adapting the existing legal frame work to the peculiarities of climate-induced displacement. The specific needs of climate-displaced people could…

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DOHA DECLARATION ON TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (TRIPS) AND INDIA: AN OVERVIEW

The post 2005 and the impact of adopting stronger patent regime in the context of India generated debate not only within India but also outside, since India is one of the larger drugs/medicines manufacturing country in the world which ranks higher position in terms of production and volume. India’s export reaches a number of developing and least developed countries which show the dependency of the other countries on India. India’s pharmaceutical industry is also making footprints in the developed countries as well. India’s transition towards the product patents came gradually.…

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DOHA DECLARATION : A GUIDE TO IMPLEMENTATION FOR PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY

Though the Doha Declaration was initially received very well, anxiety again was widespread as about the interpretation of Paragraph 6 of the Declaration specifying when countries can import drugs produced elsewhere under compulsory Licensing(CL). A decision regarding the same was announced in 2003 and was adopted in the form of waiver of Article 31 (f) (that the compulsory Licensing(CL) would be predominantly for the supply of domestic market) in December 2005. As per this waiver, a country could issue a compulsory license on the basis of public health need either…

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NEEDFULNESS HUMAN RESOURCE POLICIES AMENDMENT DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND UPCOMING PANDEMIC OUTBREAK

The nation faces an unprecedented public health crisis, businesses are grappling with how to support their workforce, implement emergency policies and sustain their businesses amidst economic uncertainty. As of millions of workers especially frontline workers paid low wages are facing dire extremes: either experiencing layoffs or reduced hours, or working under demanding and often unsafe conditions. Many workers lack emergency protections and benefits to meet the needs of this moment. We must encourage companies to adopt multiple practices and focus on applying them as broadly and equitably as possible, to…

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EPISTEMOLOGY ON COVID-19 VACCINE AND IDEAL VACCINE CHARACTERISTICS REQUIREMENT FOR COVID-19

Vaccination is the process of administering a vaccine, i.e., a biological substance intended to stimulate a recipient’s immune system to produce antibodies or to undergo other changes that provide future protection against specific infectious diseases. Immunization is the stimulation of changes in the immune system through which that protection occurs. These two concepts differ slightly in that administration of a vaccine may not always result in satisfactory immunization (protection) and that immunization may sometimes occur as a result of processes other than administration of a vaccine, e.g., through the body’s…

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BIG DATA AND HUMAN RIGHTS 

The data relating to our own actions and the data generated and reported on by “things”, are also increasingly shared and/or exploited in aggregate form, as so-called Big Data.  In this new environment, we are generate extremely detailed personalized or quasi-personalized data trails even if  we are only half aware of them. These data can be used to map social networks along with the spiders’ webs of contacts linked to further contacts. Combined with Big Data and profiles, they can show surprisingly revealing details  of every man and woman’s life, beliefs, inclinations,…

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EPIDEMIC OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND ITS FACTS: PART II 

Epidemic treatments are often based on proactive solutions, early interventions and direct approaches wherever possible.  What the literature on the costs of unemployment and the social determinants of health suggests is that directly creating employment opportunities for the unemployed is in and of itself an important policy objective. One such direct approach to joblessness is a job guarantee, aka, employer of last resort, buffer stock employment, or public service employment. The advantage of this type of program is that it not only stresses job creation as an end in itself, but…

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UNITED NATIONS 75TH ANNIVERSARY: CRITICAL ANALYSIS

“The new millennium presents the most appropriate time to review the history of United Nations(UN) institution, its successes and failures, and expectations for its future.” Opinions may differ about the successes and failure of the United Nations as an instrument for world peace and security. But everyone will agree that it has played a crucial role in the economic and social advancement of the people. United Nation’s efforts in the early Cold War era concentrated on the relationships between nations and the issues of war and peace. The UN has…

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EPIDEMIC OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND IT’S FACTS : PART I

The words like an infectious disease, virus, or even an epidemic can describes unemployment. We need to focus on the transmission mechanism of unemployment, its macroeconomic behaviour, and socioeconomic impact. An impacting patterns are reveal while examining the data as it changes over the time.  Firstly, even cycle of business at it’s peak level, increased unemployment levels in communities across the countries are seen countlessly. These communities continue to be forced in recession even though the countries at much doing good in economic activities.    Secondly, the national unemployment number figures…

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GLOBAL COMPACT FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND LEARNING OUTCOMES FROM PANDEMIC

In order to combat with infectious diseases, it is essential a new strategy based on the creation of a four-Point International compact for Infectious Diseases.  The first global compact for Infectious Diseases is required to establish, maintain and monitor international standards for surveillance and reporting of data and knowledge of infectious diseases using advanced information technology to ensure timeliness, interoperability and security, including but not limited to: –Epidemiological data,  –Information about new and ongoing clinical trials –Data regarding new compounds and targets  –Standardized material transfer agreements –Services and skills  The…

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STEPS OF INNOVATION FOR FUTURE FUELS: PART II 

In June 2018, Norway launched an updated national strategy for research, development, demonstration and commercialisation of new climate-friendly energy technology. Fast-track from idea to market PILOT-E  is  a  collaboration  between  different  Norwegian energy  research,  development  and  demonstration support schemes. it works as a “fast-track” through the stages of research from idea to market. PILOT-E has been highlighted  at  earlier  Ministerials  and has been very successful. The maritime sector has been a priority so far. By 2022, around 70 new electric ferries will be operating on the Norwegian fords. There are also projects for hydrogen ferries underway. This is being  made  possible by public funding to develop the…

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