International law has come to play an expanded role in the use of force. This expanded role has elevated evolving humanitarian law concepts over the long-standing preference for sovereignty, and has contributed to the state losing its uncontested control over the direction of war. The “state therefore has an interest in reappropriating the control and direction of war.” As Hew Strachan notes, “that is the purpose of strategy.” Arguments about international law are part of diplomacy, and “diplomatic arguments are a means to an end. They are part of a…
Read MoreDay: August 15, 2025
THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: UNIVERSAL AND REGIONAL INSTRUMENT
All general universal and regional human rights instruments guarantee the right to a fair hearing in judicial proceedings (criminal, civil, disciplinary and administrative matters) before an independent and impartial court or tribunal. A treaty is an international written agreement concluded between States and/or intergovernmental organisations and governed by international law. The name the parties give to a treaty is of no relevance here (Covenant, Convention, Treaty, Protocol, etc.); what matters is the content and the language of the treaty, as well as the parties’ intention to be bound by it.…
Read MoreNEEDFULNESS OF VOTER FRAUD DEFINITION: VOTER FRAUD AND THE PROBLEM OF EVIDENCE : PART I
Conceptual clarity is important in evaluating evidence of fraud. We begin with a discussion of what voter fraud is and what it is not. The first problem in defining voter fraud is that as a crime, it defies precise legal meaning. In fact, some states do not criminalize ‘voter fraud.’ However, they all criminalize acts that are commonly lumped together under the term, such as illegal voting, providing false information to register to vote, and multiple voting. The legal incoherence contributes to popular misunderstandings. We need a basic definition of…
Read MoreGLOBAL “ONE HEALTH” LAW AND GLOBAL HEALTH LAW AS INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY LAW
If enterprises and foundations represent new actors and sources of global health law, and international adjudicatory bodies represent the future of how global health law is applied, then animals, both domesticated and wild, represent the expansion of global health law’s subjects. Human health, narrowly defined, prevailed throughout most of the twentieth century. In some ways, the comprehensive approaches to animal, human, and plant life should have been obvious and inevitable from the earliest days of World Health Organization (WHO). Its most ambitious, early eradication effort focused on malaria. This effort…
Read MoreBETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES RELATED TO ATMOSPHERIC CO2 AND UNSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: THE SYMPTOMATIC CASE OF ATOLLS
The importance of considering the pressures of climate change and ocean acidification in a broader context of anthropogenic pressures. The aim is to show how future threats initially take root in the current issues of “unsustainable development”, that is to say, non-viable development, illustrated in particular by the strong deterioration of coastal ecosystems and uncontrolled urbanization. In this case, climate change and ocean acidification play the role in the acceleration of pressure on the living conditions of insular communities. The case of the coral archipelago of Kiribati (Central Pacific) illustrates…
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